资料图:美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀摄
由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素,众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中,美国民主党议员继续抱团,多轮投票中,一票不投麦卡锡,共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。
麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折,除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外,与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。
一方面,共和党党内反对者认为,麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱,无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府,另一方面,因为共和党的多数优势微弱,党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大,有利于他们巩固自己的选票。
此外,党内反对者也认为,自己的选票没有换取更多利益,希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步,比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。
作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物,众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任,选举几乎没有悬念。然而,麦卡锡此次为当选,不得不做出多个关键让步,其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制,使得众议长的权力被削弱,难以掌控众议院。
美国有线电视新闻网CNN称,麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步,这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。
这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下,党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上,美国两党相互拆台,陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内,也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系,相互对抗,选票变成了谋利益的工具。
从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举,“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈,长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力,其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。
两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病,美国所谓的“民主”形象,让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举,变成了政客们利益置换的游戏,进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能,不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。
House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy
(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".
The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.
Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.
On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.
On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.
Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.
As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.
But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.
CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.
This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.
Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.
From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.
Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.
The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.
能写论文能聊天的机器人是“天使”还是“魔鬼”******
■ 专栏
ChatGPT只是将人从简单的脑力劳动中解放出来,让人能够更多地投入到复杂的脑力劳动中。
当地时间2月1日,美国人工智能研究公司OpenAI,推出ChatGPT付费订阅版ChatGPT Plus,每月收费20美元。自2022年11月30日发布模型至今,聊天机器人ChatGPT正式踏上了商业变现之路。
这也意味着,ChatGPT迅速成为了新的风口。微软已经打算把旗下产品全面接入ChatGPT;美版头条BuzzFeed因让ChatGPT上岗写文章,两天内股价上涨3倍;老牌搜索引擎公司谷歌已经在担心自己会被ChatGPT取代;国内也有搜索巨头发布预告,称其即将发布中国版ChatGPT,国内资本市场AI(人工智能)概念股应声而涨。
可以说,ChatGPT的正式商用,将把AI带进一个全新世界。
ChatGPT被普遍认为是个新风口
人机对话,一直是从业者孜孜不倦研究的课题。
之前,我们也接触过比如Siri(语音助手),比如各种智能音箱,但最多只能问问天气,问问一些能搜索到的知识。关键是,你还必须按照标准方式去问,它才能理解,才能给出回答,而且很多回答要么是答非所问,要么就是标准话术。
ChatGPT不一样,只需要你用自然的语言和它对话,它就能理解,不需要标准格式。和它对话,就像和人对话一样,这才是真正的人机对话。
此外,ChatGPT还有一个智慧的大脑,贮备了丰富的知识,能够给对方一些比较精准的建议,或者提供多个建议供你选择。它还能通过对方的反馈,借助于多轮对话,逐步提高回答的精准度。这已经就和人非常相似了。
而且,ChatGPT还能够将答案以一种人容易理解的语言组织起来,生成人容易理解的答案。总而言之,它是和人高度相似的说话机器,在知识量方面又远超个人,无人能及。因此,AlphaGo之后,ChatGPT被普遍认为是一个新风口。
把人从简单脑力劳动中解放出来
正因为ChatGPT如此强大,也让人们有些担忧。
如果程序员都借助于ChatGPT写程序,一些初级的程序员就可能失去工作;如果设计部门、策划部门大规模使用ChatGPT,一些初级的设计师、策划人员也可能被取代。甚至那些我们认为不可取代的门诊医生,如果ChatGPT学习能力越来越强,又有什么理由说不可取代?
因此,我们需要思考的是,ChatGPT带来的变革是巨大的,人类是否对此做好了充分的准备?
当然,ChatGPT也不是魔鬼。一种新的技术的到来,必定会淘汰一些技术和技能,但同时就会有新的需求出现。只是,在时代的大潮中,人类只能去适应,而不是抗拒,去拥抱变化,而不是墨守成规。
比如,历史上,蒸汽机、电力、电子计算机的出现,无不是为了解放人类,将人类从繁重的体力劳动中解放出来,更多地投入到脑力劳动中去。ChatGPT也只是将人从简单的脑力劳动中解放出来,让人能够更多地投入到复杂的脑力劳动中。
国内公司也已经开始发力新赛道
ChatGPT火爆全球,国内的巨头们自然也不会错过这个机会,且已有公司率先发力成为ChatGPT类应用的玩家,并计划在今年3月份推出类似ChatGPT的应用。
对于这种必须直接面对的竞争威胁,国内公司也可以说是早就做好了相关准备。比如,去年火爆一时的AI绘画,就是一个AI艺术和创意辅助平台,也是依托技术创新推出的AI绘画产品。
完全可以预见,以国内公司在此方面的积累,加入ChatGPT类应用竞赛的中国玩家,也将带动国内相关各方在这一全新赛道上奔跑起来。
自从有了语言,猿人就变成了智人。而自从成为了智人,人类的发展突飞猛进。在人类漫长的历史长河中,语言扮演着无比重要的角色。
而今,机器解决了语言问题,能够听懂人话了、开始说人话了,其是否也会带来一场暴风骤雨般的革命?ChatGPT给我们带来了无尽的想象空间。
□刘兴亮(DCCI互联网研究院院长)
(文图:赵筱尘 巫邓炎)